'508A Details

FEATURES
Only 33 single-word instructions. All instructions are single cycle except program branches.
Operating speed: DC to 4MHz
12-bit wide instructions
8-bit wide data path
Seven Special Function hardware files 00h to 06h:
- INDF (Indirect File)
- TMR0 (Timer 0)
- PCL (Program Counter LOW bits)
- STATUS
- FSR (File Select Register)
- OSCCAL (Oscillator Calibration)
- GPIO (General Purpose In out lines) GP0, GP1, GP2, GP4, GP5. (GP3 is in only.)

PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin 1: VDD. Positive supply for chip and supply for I/O lines
Pin 2: GP5/Osc1/ClkIN. Bi-directional I/O line. Oscillator crystal input. External clock source input. GPIO in internal RC mode only, Osc1 in all other oscillator modes. Buffer type: TTL/Schmitt Trigger.
Pin 3: GP4/Osc2. Bi-directional I/O line. Oscillator crystal input. (XT and LP modes only, GPIO in other modes). Buffer type: TTL.
Pin 4: GP3/MCLR/Vpp. Input line only. Master clear (reset) input. Programming voltage (13v) input. When configured as MCLR, this pin is an active LOW reset to the device. Voltage on MCLR/Vpp must not exceed VDD during normal device operation. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. Weak pull-up always ON if configured as MCLR. Buffer type: TTL.
Pin 5. GP2/T0CKI. Bi-directional I/O line. Can be configured as T0CKI - Timer0  clock timing. Buffer type: Schmitt Trigger.
Pin 6: GP1. Bi-directional I/O line. Serial programming data. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. This line is Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. Buffer type: TTL/Schmitt Trigger.
Pin 7: GP0. Bi-directional I/O line. Serial programming clock. Can be software programmed for internal weak pull-up and wake-up from SLEEP on pin change. This line is Schmitt Trigger input when used in serial programming mode. Buffer type: TTL/Schmitt Trigger.
Pin 8: Ground reference for logic and I/O lines. 

MEMORY ORGANISATION
PIC12C508A memory is organised into:

PROGRAM MEMORY and DATA MEMORY.

RESET VECTOR
At 000 the programmer needs to place a value to tell the micro to GOTO an address that is the start of the main program. For instance, the main routine may be at 1CF. 
When you wake-up the chip from SLEEP, such as taking GP3 LOW, this will cause a DEVICE RESET and the program counter will take the micro to location 1FF where it finds the instruction MOVLW XX - the oscillator calibration instruction. After executing MOVLW XX, the Program Counter 
will roll over to 000. At this address is placed an instruction such as GOTO Main (Main will be at address 1CF). 

CLOCK CALIBRATION VALUE
At 1FF is the clock calibration value. This value alters the frequency only a very small amount and can be neglected, however location 1FF should not be overwritten. 
To keep the use of the '508A as simple as possible we will not be suggesting the use of an external crystal (it takes up 2 lines if implemented!) - the advantage of the '508A is the absence of external components such as oscillator R's and C's. 

ADDRESSING PROGRAM MEMORY
Program memory cannot be altered but can contain bytes of data in the form of tables. Each byte of data must include the instruction RETLW. e.g: 

DATA MEMORY
DATA MEMORY has 32 registers or FILES. 
The first 7 registers (00 to 06h) are SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS and the next twenty-five, (07h to 1F) are GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS. In our programs the registers are called FILES to help you understand that data can be stored in these locations. 
The registers or FILES can be thought of as RAM. They are 8-bits wide. 
Data is moved into or out of the files via the W (working) register. 
Data can be shifted left or right and any bit can be TESTed, CLEARed or SET. 
No other data memory locations are available in the '508A, so you have to remember that data storage is limited to about twenty bytes as some of the files will be needed in the routines.
Data Memory can be addressed Directly, or Indirectly. 
Direct addressing simply means to move data from a file (such as file 0C) to the working register (W). 

STATUS REGISTER (Address 03h)
This register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), the RESET status and the page preselect bit for memories larger than 512 address locations (also called words - in this case a word is 12-bits wide).

OPTION REGISTER 
(does not have an address)

PROGRAM COUNTER
As a program instruction is executed, the Program Counter (PC) will contain the address of the next instruction to be executed. The PC value is increased by one every instruction cycle, unless an instruction changes the PC. 
For the '508A, all the program is in page0. A page is 512 bytes. For the '509, the program is in page0 and page1. 

EFFECTS OF RESET
The Program Counter is SET to "1's" on RESET, which means the PC addresses the last location in the last page i.e. the oscillator calibration instruction. After executing MOVLW xx, the PC rolls over to location 00h and begins executing user code. 
The STATUS register page preselect bits are cleared on RESET and page0 is selected. 
On RESET, a GOTO instruction will automatically cause the program to jump to page0 until the page bit is altered. 

STACK
PIC12C508A,9 has a 12-bit wide push/pop stack. But most important it is only 2-HIGH. Thus only 2 consecutive CALL instructions can be accepted. 
A CALL instruction will push the current value of stack1 into stack2 and then push the current program counter value, incremented by one, into stack level 1. If more than two sequential CALLs are executed, only the most recent two RETURN addresses are stored. A RETLW instruction will pop the contents of the stack level 1 into the program counter and then copy stack level 2 into level 1. If more than 2 sequential RETLW's are executed, the stack will be filled with the previously stored level2. Note that the W register will be loaded with the literal value specified in the instruction. 

INDIRECT DATA ADDRESSING
INDF and FSR Registers 
The INDF register is not a physical register. Addressing INDF actually addresses the register whose address is contained in the FSR register. 
This is INDIRECT ADDRESSING. 
See Indirect Addressing in Library of Routines for examples. 

I/O PORT
As with any other register, the I/O register can be written and read under program control. Read instructions (e.g MOVF, GPIO,W) always read the I/O pins independent of the pin's input/output mode. On RESET, all I/O pins are defined as input (inputs are Hi-impedance) since the I/O control registers are all set to "1." GP0 and GP1 can be programmed in software with weak pull-ups. 

GPIO
GPIO is an 8-bit I/O register. Only the low 6 bits are used (GP0 to GP5). Bits 6, 7 are unimplemented and read as "0's." Note: GP3 is INPUT ONLY.
The configuration word can set several I/O's to alternate functions, such as external oscillator, MCLR enabled. When acting as alternate functions, the pins will read as "0" during port read. Pins GP0, GP1 and GP3 can be configured with weak pull-ups and also with wake-up on change. These functions are not pin selectable. If pin 4 is configured as MCLR, weak pull-ups is always on and wake-up on change is not set. 

TRIS REGISTER
The output driver control register is loaded with the contents of the W register by executing the TRIS f instruction. A "1" on a TRIS register bit puts the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode. A "0" puts the contents of the output data latch on the selected pins, enabling the output buffer. The exceptions are GP3 which is only INPUT. Note: A read of the port reads the pins, not the output data latches. That is: If an output driver on a pin is enabled, and driven HIGH, but the external system is holding it LOW, a read of the pin will indicate a LOW. The TRIS register is Write-only and is SET (output drivers disabled) on RESET. 

I/O INTERFACING
All port pins, except GP3 (which is input only) can be used for both input and output. For input operations the pins are non-latching. Any input must be present until read by an input instruction (e.g: BTFSS 06,0). The outputs are latched and remain unchanged until the output latch is rewritten. 
To use a port pin as output, the corresponding direction control bit in TRIS must be cleared (= 0 = Output). For use as an input, the corresponding TRIS bit must be set (= 1 = Input). Any I/O pin (except GP3) can be programmed as input or output. 

I/O PROGRAMMING CONSIDERATIONS
Some instructions operate as read followed by write operations. The BCF and BSF instructions, for example, read the entire port into the CPU, execute the bit operation and re-write the result. If you have two BCF instructions following each other in a program such as BCF 06,5 BCF 06,4 the voltages on the pins after the first instruction will still be settling when the second instruction is being executed and a false reading will occur. To avoid this, place a NOP between the instructions. 

TIMER0 MODULE AND TMR0 REGISTER
The Timer0 module has the following features:
- 8-bit timer/counter register TMR0, readable and writable.
- 8-bit software programmable prescaler
- internal or external clock select
- edge select for external clock

USING TIMER0 WITH EXTERNAL CLOCK
When an external clock input is used for Timer0, it must meet certain requirements. The external clock requirement is due to internal phase clock (Tosc) synchronisation. Also, there is a delay in the actual incrementing of Timer0 after synchronisation. 

EXTERNAL CLOCK SYNCHRONISATION
When no prescaler is used, the external clock input is the same as the prescaler output. The synchronisation of T0CKI with the internal phase clock is accomplished by sampling the prescaler output on the second and fourth cycles of the internal phase clocks (the oscillator is divided by four to produce a machine clock cycle). Therefore it is necessary for T0CKI to be high for at least 2Tosc (and a small RC delay of 20nS) and low for at least 2Tosc (and a small RC delay of 20nS). When a prescaler is used, the external clock input is divided by the asynchronous ripple counter-type prescaler so that the prescaler output is symmetrical. For the external clock to meet the sampling requirement, the ripple counter must be taken into account. Therefore it is necessary for T0CKI to have a period of least 4Tosc (and a small RC delay of 40nS) divided by the prescaler value. The only requirement on T0CKI high and low time is that they do not violate the minimum pulse width requirement of 10nS. 

TIMER0 INCREMENT DELAY
Since the prescaler output is synchronised with the internal clocks, there is a small delay from the time the external clock edge occurs to the time when Timer0 module is actually incremented. 

OPTION REGISTER EFFECT ON GP2 TRIS
If the OPTION register is set to read TIMER0 from the pin, the port is forced to an input regardless of the TRIS register setting. 

PRESCALER
An 8-bit counter is available as a prescaler for the Timer0 module, or as a postscaler for the Watchdog Timer (WDT). For simplicity, this counter is being referred to as "prescaler." Note that the prescaler may be used by either the Timer0 module or the WDT, but not both. Thus, a prescaler assignment for the Timer0 module means that there is no prescaler for the WDT, and vice versa. 
The PSA and PS2:PS0 bits (OPTION <<3:0>>) determine prescaler assignment and prescaler ratio. 
When assigned to the Timer0 module, all instructions to the TMR0 register (e.g: CLRF 01 MOVWF 01 BSF 01,x etc) will clear the prescaler. When assigned to WDT a CLRWDT instruction will clear the prescaler along with the WDT. The prescaler is neither readable of writable. On a RESET, the prescaler contains all 0's. 

SWITCHING PRESCALER ASSIGNMENT
The prescaler assignment is fully under software control (it can be changed during program execution). To avoid an unintended device RESET an instruction sequence must be executed when changing the prescaler assignment from Timer0 to the WDT. See data sheets from manufacturer for more details. 

SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE CPU:
- Oscillator selection
- Power On Reset (POR)
- Device Reset Timer (DRT)
- Wake-up from SLEEP on pin change
- Watchdog Timer (WDT)
- SLEEP
- Code protection
- ID Locations
- In-circuit serial Programming

CONFIGURATION BITS
The '508A configuration word consists of 5 bits. Configuration bits can be programmed to select various device configurations. Two bits are for the selection of the oscillator type, one bit is the Watchdog Timer enable bit and one bit is the MCLR enable bit. One bit is the code protection bit. 
OTP devices have the oscillator configuration programmed at the factory and these parts are tested accordingly. 

OSCILLATOR CONFIGURATIONS 
The '508A can be operated in four different oscillator modes. 
- LP: Low Power Crystal
- XT: Crystal/Resonator
- INTRC: Internal 4MHz Oscillator
- EXTRC: External Resistor/Capacitor

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR/CERAMIC RESONATOR
In XT or LP modes, a crystal or ceramic resonator is connected to the GP5/OSC1/CLKIN and GP4/OSC2 pins to establish oscillation. The oscillator design requires the use of a parallel cut crystal. 
When in XT or LP modes, the device can have an external clock source drive the GP5/OSC1/CLKIN pin. 

EXTERNAL CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
Either a pre-packages oscillator or a simple oscillator circuit with TTL gates can be used as an external crystal oscillator. Pre-packages arrangements offer a wide operating range and better stability. 
A well-designed crystal oscillator will provide good performance with TTL gates. Two types of crystal oscillator circuits can be used: one with parallel resonance, or one with series resonance. 

EXTERNAL RC OSCILLATOR
For timing insensitive applications, the RC device option offers additional savings. The RC oscillator frequency is a function of the supply voltage, the resistor (Rext) and capacitor (Cext) and the operating temperature. In addition, the oscillator frequency will very from unit to unit to parameter variations. 
The difference in frame capacitance between package types will also affect the frequency. 
For Rext below 2k2, the oscillator may stop completely. For values above 1M, the oscillator becomes sensitive to noise, humidity and leakage. Rext should be between 3k3 and 100k. Although the oscillator will operate with no external capacitor, a value above 18p should be used for noise and stability reasons. 

INTERNAL 4MHz OSCILLATOR
The internal RC oscillator provides a fixed 4MHz (nominal) system clock. In addition, a calibration instruction is programmed into the top of memory to indicate the calibration value for the internal RC oscillator. This value OSCCAL, is programmed as MOVLW xx where XX is the calibration value and is placed at the reset vector. This will load the W register with the calibration value upon reset and the PC will then roll over to 000. The user then has the option of writing the value to the OSCCAL register 05, or ignoring it. 

RESET 
The device differentiates between various kinds of reset:
(a) Power On Reset (POR)
(b) MCLR reset during normal operation 
(c) MCLR reset during SLEEP
(d) WDT time-out reset during normal operation
(e) WDT time-out during SLEEP
(f) Wake-up from SLEEP on pin change

MCLR ENABLE
This configuration bit when unprogrammed (left in the "1" state) enables the external MCLR function. When programmed, the MCLR function is tied to the internal VDD, and the pin is assigned to be a GPIO.

Power-On Reset (POR)
The PIC incorporates on-chip Power-On Reset (POR) circuitry which provides an internal chip reset for most power-up situations. A Power-on Reset pulse is generated on-chip when VDD rise is detected (in the range 1.5v to 2.1v). To take advantage of the POR, tie the MCLR pin directly to VDD. An internal weak pull-up resistor is implemented using a transistor. This will eliminate external RC components usually needed to create power-on Reset. The Power-on Reset circuit and the Device Reset Timer circuit are closely related. On power-up, the reset latch is set and the DRT is reset. The DRT timer begins counting once it detects MCLR to be high. After the time-out period, which is typically 18mS, it will reset the reset latch and thus end the on-chip reset signal. 

DEVICE RESET TIMER
The DRT runs any time the device is powered up. DRT runs from reset only in XT and LP modes. It is disabled from reset in INTRC and EXTRC modes. 
The Device Reset Timer (DRT) provides a fixed 18mS nominal time-out on reset. The DRT operates on an internal RC oscillator. The Processor is kept in reset as long as the DRT is active. The DRT delay allows VDD to rise above VDD minimum and the oscillator to stabilize. The DRT will also be triggered upon a Watchdog Timer time-out (only in XT and LP modes). This is particularly important for applications using the WDT to wake up from SLEEP mode automatically. 

WATCHDOG TIMER
The Watchdog Timer (WDT) is a free-running on-chip RC oscillator that does not require any external components. It is separate from the external RC oscillator of the GP5/OCS1/CLKIN pin and the internal 4MHz oscillator. This means the WDT will run even if the clock on the GP5/OCS1/CLKIN and GP4/OSC2 pins have been stopped, for example, by execution of a SLEEP instruction. During
normal operation or SLEEP, a WDT reset or wake-up reset guarantees a device reset. The TO bit (Status bit4) will be cleared upon a Watchdog Timer reset. 
The WDT can be permanently disabled by programming the configuration bit WDTE as "0."

WDT PERIOD
The WDT has a normal time-out period of 18mS (with no prescaler). If a longer time-out period is required, a prescaler with a division ratio of up to 1:128 can be assigned to the WDT (under software control) by writing to the Option register. Thus a time-out period up to approx 2.3 seconds can be realised. The CLRWDT instruction clears the WDT and the postscaler, if assigned to the WDT and prevents it from timing out and generating a device reset. 
The SLEEP instruction resets the WDT and the postscaler, if assigned to the WDT. This gives the maximum SLEEP time before a WDT wake-up reset. 
Time-Out Sequence, Power Down and Wake-Up from SLEEP Status Bits TO/PD/GPWUF. 
The TO PD and GPWUF bits in the Status register can be tested to determine if a RESET condition has been caused by a power-up condition, a MCLR or Watchdog Timer (WDT) reset, or a MCLR or WDT reset. 

RESET ON BROWN-OUT
A Brown-out is a condition where device power (VDD) dips below its minimum value but not to zero and then recovers. The device should be reset in the event of a brown-out. To reset the '508A when a brown-out occurs external brown-out protection circuits are needed. 

POWER-DOWN MODE (SLEEP)
A device may be powered down (SLEEP) and later powered up (Wake-up from SLEEP).

SLEEP
The power-down mode is entered by executing a SLEEP instruction. If enabled, the Watchdog timer will be cleared but keeps running, the TO bit (Status bit 4) is set, the PD bit (Status bit 3) is cleared and the oscillator driver is turned off. The
I/O ports maintain the status they had before the SLEEP instruction was executed (driving HIGH, driving LOW or Hi-impedance).
It should be noted that a reset generated by a WDT time-out does not drive the GP3/MCLR/Vpp pin low. For lowest current consumption while powered down, the T0CKI input should be at VDD or VSS and the GP3/MCLR/ Vpp pin must be at a logic high level if MCLR is enabled. 

Wake-Up from SLEEP
The device can wake-up from SLEEP through one of the following events:
1. An external reset input on GP3/MCLR/Vpp pin. 
2. A Watchdog Timer time-out reset (if WDT was enabled).
3. A change on input pin GP0, GP1 or GP3. 

PROGRAM VERIFICATION CODE PROTECTION
If the code protection bit has not been programmed, the on-chip program memory can be read out for verification purposes. 

ID LOCATIONS
Four memory locations are designated as ID locations where the user can store checksum or other code-identification numbers. These locations are not accessible during normal execution but are readable and writable during program/verify. 
Use only the lower 4 bits of the ID locations and always program the upper 8 bits as "1's."

PROGRAMMING THE '508A
The PIC12C508A is a One-Time-Programmable chip, so you must be satisfied with the program you have written, before burning a chip. The '508A can be serially programmed in a PIC programmer or while in the end application circuit. This is done via five lines. One for clock, one for data, one for power, ground and the programming voltage. 
The PROGRAM MODE and VERIFY MODE is entered by holding pins GP0 and GP1 LOW while raising MCLR from 0v to 13v. (The bar over the instruction:. . indicates the pin is active when it is LOW). Once in this mode the user program memory can be accessed and programmed in serial fashion. 
The first selected memory location is the "fuses." This is actually address FFF where the 5-bit configuration word is stored. The configuration word holds the oscillator selection bits, the watchdog timer enable bit, the code protection bit and the MCLR enable bit. GP0 and GP1 are Schmitt trigger inputs in this mode. Incrementing the Program Counter once (using the increment address command) selects location 000 of the program memory. 

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