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THE
CAPACITOR
The
capacitor is used in almost every electronic circuit. It is a very
important component and it does many different things, depending on
where it is placed.
A capacitor is basically a device that stores a charge of electricity.
It has two or more plates that are separated by air or a non
conducting medium such as plastic.
A basic capacitor is shown in the diagram below with the corresponding
circuit symbol.
Capacitors
can be large or small and the size is the result of the value of the
capacitor as well as the voltage it is capable of withstanding.
There is a lot to learn about capacitors and we will only be
discussing the very basics.
There are many types of capacitors, here are 5 of the most common
types:
AIR - such as a tuning capacitor in a radio.
GREENCAP - a polyester capacitor.
CERAMIC - a ceramic insulating material that produces a very compact
capacitor
MONOBLOCK - also called monolithic - a multi-layer ceramic capacitor
ELECTROLYTIC - aluminium plates with a moist insulating medium. This
type of capacitor has a very high capacitance in a small space.
The diagram below shows a single-ended electrolytic, suitable for
mounting on a printed circuit board and the symbol.
The
unit for capacitance is the FARAD. But one Farad is an enormous value
and we don't use values this large in electronics. The value we use is
the micro-farad. A microfarad is one-millionth of a farad.
For some circuits we need capacitors of more than 1 microfarad
capacitance and for others we need less than 1 microfarad.
For a power supply we need electrolytics of 10 microfarad, 100
microfarad, 1,000 microfarad and even 10,000 microfarad. The letter to
signify microfarad is "uF" or simply "u". Thus
1microfarad is 1u, 10 microfarad is 10u etc.
For audio work we need smaller values such as .1microfarad and .01
microfarad.
In electronics, we try and avoid using the decimal point as it can be
rubbed off components and omitted from photocopies of circuit
diagrams.
To get around this we use sub-multiples and the sub-multiple of
microfarad is nanofarad.
1,000 nanofarad = 1 microfarad.
Thus .1u = 100 nanofarad.
The letter to represent nanofarad is "n".
Thus .01u = 10n
For radio frequency work, even smaller values of capacitance are
needed.
The nanofarad is divided into 1,000 parts called picofarad. Thus 1,000
picofarad = 1nanofarad.
The picofarad is written pF or simply "p."
Thus 1,000p = 1n.
Some capacitors are physically very small and there is very little
space to write the component value. To get around this, manufacturers
have produced a numbering system using 3 digits.
It is based on picofarads. A 100 picofarad capacitor is written as
101, A 1,000 picofarad capacitor is written 102,
A 10 nanofarad capacitor is written 103 and 100 nanofarads is written
104. The third digit represents the number of zero's.
For example: 1n = 1,000p = 102.
10n = 10,000 = 103
100n = 100,000 = 104
WHAT DOES A
CAPACITOR DO?
Capacitors do lots of things and it depends where they are positioned
in a circuit, the value of the surrounding components and the value of
the capacitor.
One of the things that makes the study of a capacitor complex is the
current flowing into it starts off very high and gradually reduces as
the capacitor charges.
In addition, the voltage across the capacitor does not increase
evenly, it rises rapidly at first then gradually slows down. Some of
these facts have already been covered and at this stage it only
important to know that the charging is not linear.
The capacitor can also be used as a timing component. This has been
covered in the oscillator circuits where the value of the capacitor determines the frequency of the oscillator.
The capacitor is basically a device that stores a charge of
electricity, but depending on where it is placed in a circuit, it can
be used as a reservoir device, a blocking device or a device to pass
AC signals. It can be used for filtering, stage separation,
decoupling, timing, and even amplifying! (In a tuned circuit it creates amplification when
connected to a coil - but this is mainly due to one of the incredible
properties of a coil).
It will take a lot more projects to cover all these features.
You can hear the result of a time delay circuit in the Simple
Siren project (Project 4) and if you think of the electrolytic as a
miniature rechargeable battery, charging and discharging as we have
shown in the animations, you will be a little closer to
"seeing" how the circuit operates.
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