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P1 2 digit Up/Down Counter using PIC16F628
and with alarm
P2  adding Dice and Random Number (PIC16F628)
P3 
2 digit Up/Down Counter using PIC12F629
P4
  adding RF Link to PIC12F629 version
P5
Car Gears Up/Down counter


Instruction Set for PIC16F628
PIC16F628 data
(pdf)
BlankF628.asm
BlankF628.txt

Chip Programmer - PICkit2 from Modtronix
(MPASM and MPLAB come with PICkit2)
PIC16F628A.inc

2 Digit Up/Down Counter with PIC16F628
and prototype PC board $25.00 plus $6.50 postage.
To order the kit,  send an email to us and we will reply with the details of how to order etc.

components are available from Talking Electronics.

See more projects using micros:
Elektor,EPE,Silicon Chip

Notepad2.zip     Notepad2.exe 
Library of Sub-routines "Cut and Paste
"
Library of routines:   A-E   E-P    P-Z 

The files for PIC16F628:  See P1
2DigitUpDwn.asm  
2DigitUpDwn.hex
2DigitUpDwn.txt (.asm)
2DigitUpDwn-h.txt (.hex)
P16F628.INC
P16F628A.INC

 


The files for Dice for PIC16F628: See P2
Dice.asm
Dice.txt (asm)
Dice.hex
Dice-h.txt (.hex)

The files for UpDown/Dice/00-99 for PIC16F628: See P2
UpDwnDiceRandom.asm
UpDwnDiceRandom.hex
UpDwnDiceRandom.txt
UpDwnDiceRandom-h.txt

The files for UpDown for PIC12F629: See P3
12F629Counter.asm
12F629Counter.hex
12F629Counter.txt
12F629Counter-h.txt

 

 

This project comes via two circuits on 2 boards. The first circuit is designed around a PIC16F628A. It has been presented on an experimental PC board using surface-mount components and was built in less than 1 hour, with about 2 hours to write and finalise the program. See  P1 P2
The second circuit uses a PIC12F629 to produce a 2-Digit Up/Down Counter (see P3).
Both use "In Circuit Programming" via PICkit-2. 
P5
Describes the up/down counter displaying the "gear" for motorcycles and racing cars.



The project shows what can be done with a micro and you can modify it to set an alarm at any count-value or set a limit such as "count-to-60." You can add a buzzer or relay or increase the display to 3 digits. You need to remember that each additional display will reduce the illumination of each digit as they are "multiplexed (time-sharing)."


The basic 2-Digit Up/Down Counter Circuit


Full circuit diagram including programming socket
The displays do not affect the "In Circuit Programming" as they are not active when
programming and do not load the outputs.


The "In Circuit Programming" Connections

     
The two 7-Segment displays are paralleled
by jumpers at the top and bottom 
Any 7-Segment displays will work in this circuit. You need to
identify the pinout of any display you use.
(Common Anode displays can be used providing you invert the
values in the display table. A PNP transistor will need to be used.)


Photo of the 2-Digit Up/Down Counter


2 Digit up/down COUNTER
The experimenter PC Board shows the five "In Circuit Programming" pins and a diode on the positive rail to drop the 6v supply to 5.4v. The board also has a 100n surface mount capacitor and two surface-mount transistors. The Up/Down buttons have 22k resistors.

TESTING THE CIRCUIT
Check the circuit by removing the chip and taking pins 6 and 18 to the 5v rail
ad make sure segment "A" illuminates. Do the same for all the other segments.
The circuit diagram does not have any voltages marked on it as the circuit is DIGITAL.
All the "lines" or "wires" or pins of a microcontroller will have rail voltage (5v) on them when they are HIGH and when you come to a resistor, the resistor will drop a certain voltage. The voltage it will drop will be the difference between rail voltage and the voltage developed across the component it is driving. If it is driving a LED, the LED will drop a characteristic voltage of between 1.7v and 3.6v, depending on the colour.
If the component is a transistor, the voltage developed between the base and emitter will be about 0.7v.

 
;****************************************************************
;* 2 Digit UP / Down Counter    17/6/2009	
;Port B drives two 7 segment displays
;Up Sw on RA2   Down Sw on RA3
;"Units" drive on RA0   "Tens" drive on RA1			
;* 								*
;****************************************************************

	list P = 16F628A	;microcontroller 
	include 		;registers for F628A


	__Config _cp_off & _lvp_off & _pwrte_on & 
			_wdt_off & _intRC_osc_noclkout & _mclre_off
	
;code protection - off
;low-voltage programming - off
;power-up timer -  on
;watchdog timer - off
;use internal RC for 4MHz - all pins for in-out


;****************************************************************
; variables - names and files
;****************************************************************


		;Files for F628A start at 20h  
						 			
temp1		equ 	20h	;for delay
temp2		equ 	21h	;for delay
SwUp		equ 	22h	;
SwDwn		equ	23h	;
units		equ	24h	;
tens		equ	25h	;
Sw_Flag		equ	26h	;
FastCount	equ	27h	;counts loops fast incrementing

;****************************************************************
;Equates
;****************************************************************
status		equ	0x03
cmcon		equ	0x1F
rp1		equ	0x06
rp0		equ	0x05
portA		equ	0x05
portB		equ	0x06
trisA          	equ     0x85
trisB           equ     0x86


;****************************************************************
;Beginning of program
;****************************************************************
reset	org	00	;reset vector address	
	goto	SetUp	
			
table	addwf   PCL,F           ;02h,1  add W to program counter 
        retlw   b'00111111'     ; "0"   -|F|E|D|C|B|A
        retlw   b'00000110'     ; "1"   -|-|-|-|C|B|-
        retlw   b'01011011'     ; "2"   G|-|E|D|-|B|A
        retlw   b'01001111'     ; "3"   G|-|-|D|C|B|A 
        retlw   b'01100110'     ; "4"   G|F|-|-|C|B|-
        retlw   b'01101101'     ; "5"   G|F|-|D|C|-|A
        retlw   b'01111101'     ; "6"   G|F|E|D|C|-|A
        retlw   b'00000111'     ; "7"   -|-|-|-|C|B|A
        retlw   b'01111111'     ; "8"   G|F|E|D|C|B|A
        retlw   b'01101111'     ; "9"   G|F|-|D|C|B|A


;****************************************************************
;* port A and B initialisation					*
;****************************************************************

SetUp	bsf	status,rp0	
	movlw	b'00001100'	;Make RA0,1 out   RA2,3 in
	movwf	05h		;trisA	
	clrf	06h		;trisB Make all RB output
	bcf	status,rp0	;select programming area - bank0 
	movlw	b'10000000'	;Turn off T0CKI
	movwf	option_reg		
	clrf 	portB		;Clear Port B of junk 
	clrf	units		;zero the units file		
	clrf	tens		;zero the tens file		
	clrf	Sw_Flag
	movlw	07h		;turn comparators off and enable
	movwf	cmcon		;    pins for I/O functions		
	goto 	Main						

   ;Delay 10mS 		10 x 1,000uS

D_10mS	movlw	0Ah
	movwf	temp2
D_a	nop
	decfsz 	temp1,f
	goto 	D_a
	decfsz 	temp2,f
	goto 	D_a	
	retlw 	00
		
Up	btfsc	Sw_Flag,2
	retlw	00
	bsf	Sw_Flag,2
	incf	units,f
	movlw	0Ah		;put 10 into w
	xorwf	units,w		;compare units file with 10
	btfss	status,2	;zero flag in status file. Set if units is 10
	retlw	00
	clrf	units
	incf	tens,f
	movlw	0Ah		;put 10 into w
	xorwf	tens,w		;compare units file with 10
	btfsc	status,2	;zero flag in status file. Set if tens is 10
	clrf	tens				
	retlw	00		;display passes 99 but not below 0
		
		
Dwn	btfsc	Sw_Flag,3
	retlw	00
	bsf	Sw_Flag,3
	decf	units,f
	movlw	0FFh		;put FFh into w
	xorwf	units,w		;compare units file with FFh
	btfss	status,2	;zero flag in status file. Set if units is 10
	retlw	00
	movlw	09
	movwf	units		;put 9 into units file
	decf	tens,f
	movlw	0FFh		;put 0FFh into w
	xorwf	tens,w		;compare tens file with 0FFh
	btfsc	status,2	;zero flag status file). Set if tens is 0FFh
	goto	$+2		;tens file is 0FFh  Jump down 2 instructions
	retlw	00						
	clrf	tens
	clrf	units
	retlw	00		;display  not below 0		
							

Main	btfss	portA,2		;test switch-press for UP
	call	Up		;UP switch pressed
	btfss	portA,3		;test switch-press for Down
	call	Dwn		;Down switch pressed
	movlw	b'00000001'	;Make RA0 HIGH for units drive 	
	movwf	portA	
	movf	units,f		;copy unit value into w
	call	table		;unit display value will return in w
	movwf	portB		;output units value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display
	movlw	b'00000010'	;Make RA1 HIGH for tens drive 	
	movwf	portA			
	movf	tens,f		;copy tens value into w		
	call	table		;tens display value will return in w
	movwf	portB		;output tens value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display
	btfsc	portA,2		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	bcf	Sw_Flag,2
	btfsc	portA,3		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	bcf	Sw_Flag,3				
	goto	Main		
		
		END

If you want to suppress (remove) the first "0" when the digits are 1, 2, 3, etc, here are the lines of code to add:

In the files section, add

		;Files for F628A start at 20h  
						 			

compare         equ     28h     ;looks for "0" in first display

In Main, add the following lines shown in BOLD:
						
Main	btfss	portA,2		;test switch-press for UP
	call	Up		;UP switch pressed
	btfss	portA,3		;test switch-press for Down
	call	Dwn		;Down switch pressed
        movlw   b'00111111'     ;binary for "0" on the display
        movwf   compare         ;put the value into compare 
	movlw	b'00000001'	;Make RA0 HIGH for units drive 	
	movwf	portA	
	movf	units,f		;copy unit value into w
	call	table		;unit display value will return in w
	movwf	portB		;output units value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display
	movlw	b'00000010'	;Make RA1 HIGH for tens drive 	
	movwf	portA			
	movf	tens,f		;copy tens value into w		
	call	table		;tens display value will return in w
        subwf   compare,1
        btfsc   03,2            ;test zero flag for match 
        movlw   0               ;remove the zero on the display
	movwf	portB		;output tens value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display
	btfsc	portA,2		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	bcf	Sw_Flag,2
	btfsc	portA,3		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	bcf	Sw_Flag,3				
	goto	Main		
		
		END

The program above uses very simple instructions and it is very easy to see how each line of code works. The only Boolean instruction is xorwf and this is an ex-or instruction (exclusive-or) which means two files are compared with each bit in one file compared with the same bit in the other file. The result is "1" when one (and only one) of the numbers is "1." XOR detects a MATCH. If two identical numbers are compared, the answer for say the lowest bit will be "0" because only one of the numbers must be "1." If both files contain the same value, the result of the XOR is "0." 
We now look at file 03, (the Status file) and check bit 2. This is the zero bit. The result of the XOR instruction is "0" and thus the zero bit is SET.
This is the the most complex of the instructions used in this program.

Now we come to a program written by a PROGRAMMER.
It performs the same as the program above and has the same number of instructions, but it contains a lot more Boolean instructions and this makes it a lot harder to understand.
However it is very interesting to see how to program at the "next level of understanding," and we will cover some of the features (these are located after the program).

If you use any of the following .asm files and find they fail to produce a .hex file, make sure you have the .inc file in the same folder as the .asm.
P16F628.INC  P16F628A.INC

To add RESET to the up/down counter, add the following instructions:

SetUp	bsf	status,rp0	
	movlw	b'00011100'	;Make RA0,1 out   RA2,3,4 in
Put reset on RA4   pin3  
put 22k to positive and the switch between pin3 and 0v.  
When sw is pressed the input will go low. 

in main, the least few lines will be 
		
		
        bcf	Sw_Flag,2	;button not pressed. Clear Up flag
	bcf	Sw_Flag,7	;Clear Up repeat flag
	clrf	FastCount   
	btfss	portA,4		;test reset 
        goto    SetUp
	goto	Main		
		
	END
;******************************************************************
;  2-Digit Up/Dn Counter, Isochronous Loop Example  
;           Isochronous - to occur at equal time intervals.       *
;******************************************************************

        processor PIC16F628
        include "p16f628.inc"
        errorlevel -302

       __Config _cp_off & _lvp_off & _pwrte_on & 
		_wdt_off & _intRC_osc_noclkout & _mclre_off
	
;code protection - off
;low-voltage programming - off
;power-up timer -  on
;watchdog timer - off
;use internal RC for 4MHz - all pins for in-out

ones    equ     0x20            ; 0..9
tens    equ     0x21            ; 0..9
number  equ     0x22            ; 00..99
swlatch equ     0x23            ; switch state latch variable
DelayHi equ     0x24            ; DelayCy() subsystem variable

#define DnSw    3               ; RA3

;******************************************************************
;
;  DelayCy() subsystem macro generates four instructions
;
        radix   dec
clock   equ     8               ; clock frequency in Megahertz
usecs   equ     clock/4         ; cycles/microsecond multiplier
msecs   equ     usecs*1000      ; cycles/millisecond multiplier

DelayCy macro   delay           ; 11..327690 cycle range
        movlw   high((delay-11)/5)+1
        movwf   DelayHi
        movlw   low ((delay-11)/5)
        call    uDelay-((delay-11)%5)
        endm

;******************************************************************
;
;  init hardware and program variables
;
        org     0x000
Init
        bsf     STATUS,RP0      ; bank 1                       
        movlw	07h		;turn comparators off and enable
	movwf	cmcon		;    pins for I/O functions	   
        movlw   b'00001100'     ;                                 
        movwf   TRISA           ; RA3-RA2 inputs, others outputs  
        clrf    TRISB           ; portb all outputs               
        bcf     STATUS,RP0      ; bank 0                          
        clrf    PORTB           ; clear portb output latches      
        movlw   b'00000001'     ; digit select bits (RA1-RA0)     
        movwf   PORTA           ; select the 'ones' display       
        clrf    swlatch         ; clear switch state latch        
        clrf    ones            ; clear 'ones'                    
        clrf    tens            ; clear 'tens'                    
        clrf    number          ; number = 00                     
;
;  isochronous 8 msec main program loop (62.5Hz refresh rate)
;
Main    clrf    PORTB           ; blank the display               
        movf    PORTA,W         ;                                 
        xorlw   b'00000011'     ; flip digit select bits          
        movwf   PORTA           ;                                 
        movf    tens,W          ; WREG = tens, 0..9               
        btfss   PORTA,1         ; display tens? yes, skip, else   
        movf    ones,W          ; WREG = ones, 0..9               
        call    segtbl          ; get segment data                
        movwf   PORTB           ; display new digit               
TstSw   comf    PORTA,W         ; sample active low switches      
        andlw   b'00001100'     ; on RA3 and RA2 pins             
        xorwf   swlatch,W       ; changes (press or release)      
        xorwf   swlatch,F       ; update switch state latch       
        andwf   swlatch,W       ; filter out "new release" bits   
        bnz     Bump            ; branch on a "new press", else   
        DelayCy(8*msecs-23)     ; precise 8 msec loop timing      
        goto    Main            ;                                 
;
;  bump 'number' up or down with limit checking
;
Bump    andlw   1<<DnSw         ; the "Dn" switch?                
        skpz                    ; no, skip (WREG=0), else         
        movlw   -2              ; WREG = -2 (dn)                  
        addlw   1               ; WREG = 1 (up) or -1 (dn)        
        addwf   number,F        ; number++ or number--            
        movf    number,W        ; WREG = number = -1..100         
        xorlw   100             ; test upper limit                
        skpnz                   ; upper limit? no, skip, else     
        decf    number,F        ; reset to 99                     
        btfsc   number,7        ; lower limit? no, skip, else     
        incf    number,F        ; reset to 00                     
        movf    number,W        ; WREG = number = 00..99          
;
;  setup 'tens' and 'ones' for next loop
;
        clrf    tens            ; isochronous bin2bcd routine     
        addlw   -80             ; W = W - 80                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^3*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   80              ; W = W + 80                      
        addlw   -40             ; W = W - 40                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^2*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   40              ; W = W + 40                      
        addlw   -20             ; W = W - 20                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^1*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   20              ; W = W + 20                      
        addlw   -10             ; W = W - 10, now W = "ones"      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^0*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   10              ; W = W + 10, now W = "ones"      
        movwf   ones            ; save "ones"                     
        DelayCy(8*msecs-54)     ; precise 8 msec loop timing      
        goto    Main            ;                                 
;
;  segment data table (caveat, non-boundary tolerant)
;
segtbl
        addwf      PCL,F                                            
        retlw      b'00111111'     ; "0"   -|F|E|D|C|B|A           
        retlw      b'00000110'     ; "1"   -|-|-|-|C|B|-           
        retlw      b'01011011'     ; "2"   G|-|E|D|-|B|A           
        retlw      b'01001111'     ; "3"   G|-|-|D|C|B|A           
        retlw      b'01100110'     ; "4"   G|F|-|-|C|B|-           
        retlw      b'01101101'     ; "5"   G|F|-|D|C|-|A           
        retlw      b'01111101'     ; "6"   G|F|E|D|C|-|A           
        retlw      b'00000111'     ; "7"   -|-|-|-|C|B|A           
        retlw      b'01111111'     ; "8"   G|F|E|D|C|B|A           
        retlw      b'01101111'     ; "9"   G|F|-|D|C|B|A           
;
; DelayCy() subsystem 16-bit timing subroutine
;
        nop                     ; entry for (delay-11)%5 == 4     
        nop                     ; entry for (delay-11)%5 == 3     
        nop                     ; entry for (delay-11)%5 == 2     
        nop                     ; entry for (delay-11)%5 == 1     
uDelay  addlw   -1              ; subtract "loop" cycle time      
        skpc                    ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        decfsz  DelayHi,F       ; done?  yes, skip, else          
        goto    uDelay          ; do another loop                 
        retlw	00              ;                                 

        end

The following instructions test the buttons and only go to the increment/decrement routine (Bump) when a change in the value of the switches has been detected.
On the first pass of the program, the micro complements the value of the input port, (PortA) and loads it in to w. The instruction could have been movwf  PORTA,w and the following instruction would need to be andlw   b'11110011' to produce the same result. The instruction comf changes all "0's" to "1's" and all "1's" to "0's." This project uses "negative logic." This means the input line is "active" when LOW.
If no buttons are pressed, the reading on RA2 and RA3 will be "1" and "1."  The result of comf PORTA will be:  xxxx00xx where "x" is not assigned as an input bit.
The instruction: andlw   b'00001100' is called a "masking operation." All the bits except bit 2 and 3 are masked or "removed" from the result. 
When xxxx00xx  is AND'ed with 00001100 the result is: aaaa00aa in the w register, where "a" is not taken into account as we have only allowed bits 2 and 3 to "enter the equation."
If the UP button is pressed, bit 2 will be detected as "0" and the result of comf PORTA will be:  xxxx01xx and the result of andlw   b'00001100'  will be xxxx01xx in the w register.
swlatch is a flag file for the switches. It is initially cleared and the result of xorwf swlatch,w will be: xxxx00xx in the "w" file.
The instruction: xorwf   swlatch,F  does the Boolean XOR operation on xxxx00xx in the "w" file and 00000000 in the swlatch file and places the result:  00000000 in the swlatch file.
The instruction: andwf   swlatch,W performs the Boolean AND operation on:  00000000 in the w file AND 00000000 in the swlatch file and places the result: 00000000 in w. The micro looks at the zero bit in the STATUS file and it the result is zero, the bit will be SET. The instruction bnz causes the micro to go the Bump if the zero bit is not set. The zero bit is not set and thus the micro does not go to Bump.

TstSw   comf    PORTA,W         ; sample active low switches      
        andlw   b'00001100'     ; on RA3 and RA2 pins             
        xorwf   swlatch,W       ; changes (press or release)      
        xorwf   swlatch,F       ; update switch state latch       
        andwf   swlatch,W       ; filter out "new release" bits   
        bnz     Bump            ; branch on a "new press", else

The clever part of these 6 instructions is this:  The micro will only branch on the first detection of a button being pressed.
We will now look at how the first detection is created, but it will take a lot of investigation to see how the Boolean operations perform the task:

If the UP button is pressed (RA2 - bit 2), the input data will be xxxx10xx
The result of comf PORTA will be:  xxxx01xx and this will be stored in w.
andlw   b'00001100'  will AND xxxx01xx with  00001100 to get 00000100 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,W  will XOR 00000100 in w with  00000000 in swlatch to get 00000100 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,F  will XOR 00000100 in w with  00000000 in swlatch to get 00000100 in swlatch file.
andwf   swlatch,W will AND 00000100 in w with  00000100 in swlatch to get 00000100 in w.
bnz     Bump   will look at the zero flag in the STATUS file. This flag will not be set and thus the micro will jump to the sub-routine Bump.

If the button is still pressed when the micro executes: TstSw  the second time, we will see what happens:
The result of comf PORTA will be:  xxxx01xx and this will be stored in w.
andlw   b'00001100'  will AND xxxx01xx with  00001100 to get 00000100 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,W  will XOR 00000100 in w with 00000100 in swlatch to get 00000000 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,F  will XOR 00000000 in w with  00000100 in swlatch to get 00000100 in swlatch file.
andwf   swlatch,W will AND 00000000 in w with  00000100 in swlatch to get 00000000 in w.
bnz     Bump   will look at the zero flag in the STATUS file. This flag will be set and thus the micro will not jump to the sub-routine Bump.

If the button is released when the micro executes: TstSw  we will see how the swlatch file is changed to: 00000000.
If no buttons are pressed, the reading on port A will be: xxxx11xx
The result of comf PORTA will be:  xxxx00xx and this will be stored in w.
andlw   b'00001100'  will AND xxxx00xx with  00001100 to get 00000000 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,W  will XOR 00000000 in w with 00000100 in swlatch to get 00000100 in w.
xorwf   swlatch,F  will XOR 00000100 in w with  00000100 in swlatch to get 00000000 in swlatch file.
andwf   swlatch,W will AND 00000000 in w with  00000000 in swlatch to get 00000000 in w.
bnz     Bump   will look at the zero flag in the STATUS file. This flag will be set and thus the micro will not jump to the sub-routine Bump. And the swlatch file will be changed to 00000000.

The Bump sub-routine
The Bump sub-routine detects
If Up button is pressed, "w" will enter Bump sub-routine with: 00000100.
If Down button is pressed, "w" will enter Bump sub-routine with:  00001000

Bump    andlw   1<<DnSw         ; the "Dn" switch?                
        skpz                    ; no, skip (WREG=0), else         
        movlw   -2              ; WREG = -2 (dn)                  
        addlw   1               ; WREG = 1 (up) or -1 (dn)        
        addwf   number,F        ; number++ or number--            
        movf    number,W        ; WREG = number = -1..100         
        xorlw   100             ; test upper limit                
        skpnz                   ; upper limit? no, skip, else     
        decf    number,F        ; reset to 99                     
        btfsc   number,7        ; lower limit? no, skip, else     
        incf    number,F        ; reset to 00                     
        movf    number,W        ; WREG = number = 00..99  

If the UP button is pressed, the result of  the first instruction will produce w = 00000000. The zero flag will be SET and the micro will execute the instruction: addlw   1  - "One" will be added to "w"
addwf   number,F will increment the number file.
movf    number,W  the value in the number file will be copied to "w"
xorlw   100    The value in w will be XOR'ed with 100. The XOR operation detects a match. Since each binary digit will be the same (i.e. either a 0 or 1) the result will be 0000 0000. The result will set the zero flag in the status (03) file and by testing bit 2 (the Z flag) you can skip when SET.
decf    number,F The number file will be detected as 100. Decrement it to 99.
btfsc   number,7  If the number file is decremented below zero, it rolls-over to 0FFh (255) and bit 7 is tested to see if it is SET.
incf    number,F    The number file is incremented (rolled over) from 256 to 000.
movf    number,W  The number file is copied to w. 

The Binary to Binary Coded Decimal Routine
This routine is so complex that I am not going to explain it.

	; isochronous bin2bcd routine 

	clrf    tens                
        addlw   -80             ; W = W - 80                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^3*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   80              ; W = W + 80                      
        addlw   -40             ; W = W - 40                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^2*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   40              ; W = W + 40                      
        addlw   -20             ; W = W - 20                      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^1*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   20              ; W = W + 20                      
        addlw   -10             ; W = W - 10, now W = "ones"      
        rlf     tens,F          ; shift in 2^0*10 bit             
        btfss   tens,0          ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        addlw   10              ; W = W + 10, now W = "ones"      
        movwf   ones            ; save "ones"                     
        DelayCy(8*msecs-54)     ; precise 8 msec loop timing      
        goto    Main            ;       

Here is a shorter Binary to Binary Coded Decimal Routine:

; Convert a binary number into two packed BCD digits 
; ON ENTRY: 
; w register has binary value in range 0 t o 9 9 
; ON EXIT: 
; output variables bcdLow and bcdHigh contain two 
; BCD digits 
; w contains two packed BCD digits 
; Routine logic: 
; The value 10 is subtracted from the source operand 
; until the reminder is < 0 (carry cleared). The number 
; of subtractions is the high-order BCD digit. 10 is 
; then added back to the subtrahend to compensate 
; for the last subtraction. The final remainder is the 
; low-order BCD digit 
; Variables: 
; inNum storage for source operand 
; bcdHigh storage for high-order nibble 
; bcdLow storage for low-order nibble 
; thisDig Digit counter 

bin2bcd:
	movwf inNum 	; Save copy of source value 
	clrf bcdHigh 	; Clear storage 
	clrf bcdLow 
	clrf thisDig
min10: 
	movlw .10 
	subwf inNum,f 	; Subtract 10 
	btfsc STATUS,C 	; Did subtract overflow? 
	goto sum10 	; No. Count subtraction 
	goto fin10
sum10: 
	incf thisDig,f 	;increment digit counter 
	goto min10
			; Store 10th digit 
fin10:
	movlw .10 
	addwf inNum,f 	; Adjust for last subtract 
	movf thisDig,w 	; get digit counter 
	movwf bcdHigh 	; Store it 

			; Calculate and store low-order BCD digit
	movf inNum,w 	; Store units value 
	movwf bcdLow 	; Store digit
			; Combine both digits 
	swapf bcdHigh,w ; High nibble to HOBs 
	iorwf bcdLow,w 	; ORin low nibble 
	retlw 00

Here is a simpler Binary to Binary Coded Decimal Routine:

;  Binary-to-Decimal, 00..99
;
         radix   dec
btod99
         clrf    temp            ; W = 0x00..0x63, 0..99 input
         decf    temp,F          ; preset temp to -1
sub10    incf    temp,F          ; unconditionally
         addlw   -10             ; subtract 10. borrow?
         btfsc   status,0        ; no, test carry bit
	 goto	 sub10
         addlw   10              ; fix 'ones' in Wreg
         swapf   temp,F          ; put 'tens' in left nibble
         iorwf   temp,W          ; W = packed bcd 0x00..0x99
         retlw	 00              

Delay Routine
The delay sub-routine is quite complex however the following instructions form part and these will be discussed:
addlw   -1    This instruction subtracts "1" from "w" (the PIC chip does not have a subtract literal from w, just a subtract w from literal.) W must have a value before entering this delay.
skpc    This instruction skips the next instruction if the Carry (in the status file) (03,0) is SET. The Carry is SET when the result of an operation is more than 0ffh or less than zero. The equivalent instruction is: btfss 03,0   or   btfss status,0
If w enters the delay with 0ffh, it will produce 256 loops by jumping over decfsz  DelayHi,F and carrying out the instruction: goto    uDelay.
When the carry is SET, the micro  goes to the instruction: decfsz  DelayHi,F and decrements the DelayHi file. It then performs another 256 loops.
When DelayHi file reaches zero, the micro returns. If w does not have a pre-value, only the first loop will be shorter. DelayHi file must have a value as this file determines the length of Delay routine.

uDelay  addlw   -1              ; subtract "loop" cycle time      
        skpc                    ; borrow? no, skip, else          
        decfsz  DelayHi,F       ; done?  yes, skip, else          
        goto    uDelay          ; do another loop                 
        retlw	00 

Conclusion
From the above coverage of the two programs you can see the enormous difference in understanding required to follow some of the Boolean operations. Since both programs occupy the same number of instructions, I do not see the need to introduce complex routines.
Things are wonderful when they are working but if something fails to produce a result as expected, you will have two levels of complexity to sort-through if you use Boolean instructions.
In addition to this, you need to comment each line, not only with details of what the instruction is doing, but WHY the instruction has been chosen.
This is very important so that you can come back months later and understand how and why a routine works and how it can be altered and adjusted.


Adding ALARM
The program can be modified to produce an alarm when the count reaches "00."
The files for this are:

Up/DwnAlarm00.asm
Up/DwnAlarm00.hex

An active piezo buzzer is added to portA,6 (pin 15)  as shown in the following diagram:


Alarm buzzer sounds when 00 on Displays

Going Further
This program/project can be modified to carry out all sorts of tasks. One constructor wanted a Quiz Score with 3 single displays, three contestant switches and a reset button. The adjudicator could increase the individual score or decrease the score according to the answer. This project could be adapted to this application.
Another reader wanted to count from 35 to 80 and cycle around these two values. Again, this can be done by simply changing a few lines of code.
You can add a relay, buzzer, set of LEDs, globes and actuators to the project to create a valuable piece of industrial equipment.



2 digit up/down counter with buzzer

Fast Increment
Another feature that can be added to the counter is fast-forward. Although it is not needed for this project, it is a sub-routine that can be added to other designs.
The way it works is this.
Each time the micro executes the FastUp sub-routine, a file is incremented. When the file reaches 100, the display is incremented at a rate of 5Hz.
The delay for the multiplexing routine is 10mS per display. This makes a total of 20mS. The counter detects 100 so the time before fast-increment occurs = 20mS x 100 = 2,000mS = 2 seconds.
FastUp sub-routine also needs a flag to detect when the fast increment is occurring. This is bit 7 of Sw_Flag. After the 2 second timing has occurred, the program increments the FastCount file for 5 loops to produce the fast increment function.
Here are the files:
2DigitFastUp.asm
2DigitFastUp.hex
2DigitFastUp.txt (.asm)
2DigitFastUp-h.txt (.hex)

If you use any of the following .asm files and find they fail to produce a .hex file, make sure you have the .inc file in the same folder as the .asm.
P16F628.INC  P16F628A.INC

To add RESET to the up/down counter, add the following instructions:

SetUp	bsf	status,rp0	
	movlw	b'00011100'	;Make RA0,1 out   RA2,3,4 in
		Put reset on RA4   pin3  
put 22k to positive and the switch between pin3 and 0v.  
When sw is pressed the input will go low. 

in main, the least few lines will be 	
        bcf	Sw_Flag,2	;button not pressed. Clear Up flag
	bcf	Sw_Flag,7	;Clear Up repeat flag
	clrf	FastCount   
	btfss	portA,4		;test reset 
        goto    SetUp
	goto	Main		
		
	END
;****************************************************************
;*     Started 18/6/2009	
;2 Digit UP / Down Counter with FastCount after 2secs
;Port B drives 7 segment display
;Up sw on RA2   Down on RA3
;Units drive on RA0   Tens drive on RA1				*
;* 								*
;****************************************************************

	list P = 16F628	;microcontroller 
	include 	;registers for F628


	__Config 	_cp_off & _lvp_off & _pwrte_on 
		& _wdt_off & _intRC_osc_noclkout & _mclre_off
	
;code protection - off
;low-voltage programming - off
;power-up timer -  on
;watchdog timer - off
;use internal RC for 4MHz - all pins for in-out


;****************************************************************
; variables - names and files
;****************************************************************


		;Files for F628 start at 20h 
 		
temp1		equ 20h	;for delay
temp2		equ 21h	;for delay
SwUp		equ 22h	;
SwDwn		equ	23h	;
units		equ	24h	;
tens		equ	25h	;
Sw_Flag		equ	26h	;
FastCount	equ	27h	;

;****************************************************************
;Equates
;****************************************************************
status		equ	0x03
cmcon		equ	0x1F
rp1		equ	0x06
rp0		equ	0x05
portA		equ	0x05
portB		equ	0x06

;****************************************************************
;Beginning of program
;****************************************************************
reset	org	00	;reset vector address	
	goto	SetUp	;goto SetUp
			

table	addwf   PCL,F           ;02h,1  add W to program counter 
        retlw   b'00111111'     ; "0"   -|F|E|D|C|B|A
        retlw   b'00000110'     ; "1"   -|-|-|-|C|B|-
        retlw   b'01011011'     ; "2"   G|-|E|D|-|B|A
        retlw   b'01001111'     ; "3"   G|-|-|D|C|B|A 
        retlw   b'01100110'     ; "4"   G|F|-|-|C|B|-
        retlw   b'01101101'     ; "5"   G|F|-|D|C|-|A
        retlw   b'01111101'     ; "6"   G|F|E|D|C|-|A
        retlw   b'00000111'     ; "7"   -|-|-|-|C|B|A
        retlw   b'01111111'     ; "8"   G|F|E|D|C|B|A
        retlw   b'01101111'     ; "9"   G|F|-|D|C|B|A


;****************************************************************
;* port A and B initialisation					*
;****************************************************************

SetUp	bsf	status,rp0	
	movlw	b'00001100'	;Make RA0,1 out   RA2,3 in
	movwf	05h		;trisA	
	clrf	06h		;trisB Make all RB output
	bcf	status,rp0	;select programming area - bank0 
	movlw	b'10000000'	;Turn off T0CKI, prescale for TMR0=1
	movwf	option_reg		
	clrf 	portB		;Clear Port B of junk 
	clrf	units		;zero the units file		
	clrf	tens		;zero the tens file		
	clrf	Sw_Flag
	movlw	07h		;turn comparators off and enable
	movwf	cmcon		;    pins for I/O functions	
	goto 	Main						
					

;****************************************************************
;* Delay 10mS 		10 x 1,000uS			*
;****************************************************************

D_10mS	movlw	0Ah
	movwf	temp2
D_a	nop
	decfsz 	temp1,f
	goto 	D_a
	decfsz 	temp2,f
	goto 	D_a	
	retlw 	00
		
		
FastUp	btfss	Sw_Flag,2	;First time through loop?
	goto	FU_2		;yes
	btfsc	Sw_Flag,7	;Has 5Hz bit been set?
	goto	FU_3
FU_1	incfsz	FastCount,f	;Increment FastCount
	movlw	d'100'
	xorwf	FastCount,w
	btfss	status,2	;reached 100 loops?
	retlw	00
	clrf	FastCount
	bsf	Sw_Flag,7	;set bit for 5Hz incrementing	
				
FU_2	bsf	Sw_Flag,2  ;Up button has been pressed	
	incf	units,f
	movlw	0Ah	   ;put 10 into w
	xorwf	units,w	  ;compare units file with 10
	btfss	status3,2 ;zero flag in status file. Set if units is 10
	retlw	00
	clrf	units
	incf	tens,f
	movlw	0Ah	;put 10 into w
	xorwf	tens,w	;compare units file with 10
	btfsc	status,2 ;zero flag in status file. Set if tens is 10
	clrf	tens				
	retlw	00	;display passes 99 but not below 0
		
		
FU_3	incfsz	FastCount,f	;Increment FastCount
	movlw	d'5'
	xorwf	FastCount,w
	btfss	status,2	;reached 5 loops?
	retlw	00
	clrf	FastCount		
	goto	FU_2			
		
Dwn	btfsc	Sw_Flag,3
	retlw	00
	bsf	Sw_Flag,3
	decf	units,f
	movlw	0FFh	;put FFh into w
	xorwf	units,w	;compare units file with FFh
	btfss	status,2 ;zero flag in status file. Set if units is 10
	retlw	00
	movlw	09
	movwf	units	;put 9 into units file
	decf	tens,f
	movlw	0FFh	;put 0FFh into w
	xorwf	tens,w	;compare tens file with 0FFh
	btfsc	status,2 ;zero flag in status file. Set if tens is 0FFh
	goto	$+2	;tens file is 0FFh
	retlw	00						
	clrf	tens
	clrf	units
	retlw	00	;display  not below 0	
		
;****************************************************************
;* Main 							*
;****************************************************************

Main	btfss	portA,2		;test switch-press for UP
	call	FastUp		;UP switch pressed
	btfss	portA,3		;test switch-press for Down
	call	Dwn		;Down switch pressed
	movlw	b'00000001'	;Make RA0 HIGH for units drive 	
	movwf	portA	
	movf	units,w		;copy unit value into w
	call	table		;unit display value will return in w
	movwf	portB		;output units value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display
	movlw	b'00000010'	;Make RA1 HIGH for tens drive 	
	movwf	portA			
	movf	tens,w		;copy tens value into w		
	call	table		;tens display value will return in w
	movwf	portB		;output tens value
	call	D_10mS		;call delay
	clrf	portB		;clear display		
	btfsc	portA,3		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	bcf	Sw_Flag,3	;button not pressed. Clear down flag
	btfss	portA,2		;bit will be zero when sw is pressed
	goto	Main
	bcf	Sw_Flag,2	;button not pressed. Clear Up flag
	bcf	Sw_Flag,7	;Clear Up repeat flag
	clrf	FastCount
	goto	Main		
		
	END		

Secret Functions
This project can be extended to have "Secret Functions" that are accessed when the project is turned on.
By pressing the "Up" button and turning the project on, the project will turn into a "DICE PROJECT" and show a random number from 1 to 6 when the Up button is pressed.
When the "Down" button is pressed and the project is turned on, it will randomly show a number from 00 to 99 when the Up button is pressed.

Firstly we will describe the instructions that look at the buttons when the project is turned on.
The following instructions are added to the SetUp routine:

SetUp	. . . . . .
	. . . . . .
	goto	AAA	;Button A detected for DICE (detects LOW)
	btfsc	portA,3	
	goto 	Main
	clrf	Count
	goto	Random	;Button B detected


These programs are covered on page 2:

 

P1   P2  P3  P4(RF Link) P5

 


  18/6/09